Women Circumcision an Example by

Women Circumcision Women circumcision commonly known female genital mutilation may be defined as causing injury on the genitals of a female by removing partially or fully the genitals mostly for cultural, religious or traditional reasons. Research indicate that although most females are circumcised without their consent, some out of their own volition prefer to undergo the process for sexual reasons. It is estimated that at least 2 million female circumcision procedures are carried out every year with more than 130 million females undergoing the procedure. This practice is very rampant in Africa especially in the western region. Other countries where the practice is prevalent include Mali, Ethiopia, Egypt and Sudan. Egypt has however put a law in place to prohibit the practice thus making it outlawed. Need essay sample on "Women Circumcision" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Female circumcision is also prevalent in the Middle East where it is practiced in secrecy unlike in Africa where it is conducted as an open ceremony. Female circumcision is practiced across the religious divide and is therefore not limited to one or specific religions only. The major belief especially in most African countries is that female circumcision ensures a woman has an honorable life with the husband and children. Advocates of female circumcision advance various arguments justifying the practice. Students Often Tell EssayLab support: Who wants to write paper for me? Our professionals advise: Writing Essay Papers Is Easier With Us Cheap Essay Help Custom Writing Pay Someone to do Your Assignment Pay For Essay Reviews They argue that a circumcised female is able to preserve her virginity until she gets married and that will therefore prevent immoral behavior thus curbing promiscuity among women. Promiscuity is said to reduce as the clitoris, which is the determining factor to sexual satisfaction is removed. It is also argued that a female who has undergone the procedure enhances her fertility and productivity as and that her matrimonial opportunities become higher. It is also argued that female circumcision ensures sexual satisfaction among the females and that their sexual performance is increased. Scientists and doctors are still very adamant about these social benefits brought forward stating that they are unreliable, as most of them have no scientific back up. In some communities the circumcision was done as a way of maintaining cleanliness and good health among women by removing the parts that produce secretions. N some West African countries, it is believed when a child is born, they poses b oth sexes and therefore circumcision during puberty is vital to make ones sex clear. The removal of the foreskin on a males penis makes a man fully male while the removal of the clitoris makes a woman fully female. Another major reason why female circumcision is done that some people believe that the clitoris is an unattractive and unhygienic organ that must be removed. Doctors in the past encouraged the practice as a way of curbing masturbation. The doctors also stated that cases of irritation, scratching and irritability at the genitals were reduced upon circumcision. These justifications were however ungrounded and have since declined. Though there is no scientific justification, it is claimed that that female circumcision is a cure to stress, hysteria, kleptomania and lack of sanity among women. In most African an communities where traditions and cultures still dictate peoples ways of living, female circumcision is used as way of test for preservation of virginity and is considered very vital for an honorable marriage. Female circumcision is regarded so highly such that a man who marries an uncircumcised woman is not only seen as an outcast, but is also banished and faces stigmatization from fellow men and the community at large. On the other hand, women who have undergone the procedure are accorded positions of power in the religion, political and cultural areas. However, human right activists and defenders of womens rights have firmly opposed the practice as it gives a general assumption that women cannot exercise self-control over their bodies thus the necessity to remove clitoris. It also limits the womens rights to enjoy the sexual activity with whomever they choose. Some communities even believe tat female circumcision enhances a womans looks making her look more beautiful and admirable. The argument is that since the foreskin in a male is removed for aeshetis reasons, so should the clitoris, which is considered the counterpart of penis. The males are also said to enjoy sexual activity if they engage themselves with circumcised women. However most of these arguments are unfounded, as they have no scientific or medical back and support. Female circumcision among the Muslims can be traced back during the life of Muhammad. It was only practiced by a small sect of Muslims, as majority believed that the practice was banned as it caused grievous bodily harm and damage to the bodies, minds and their general health. However the practice is considered religious among the sahih Muslims as it is supported by the hadith (349) where the prophet mention s that upon the meeting of the two circumcised parts then sex results. Muslim scholars however unanimously agree that circumcision is for men only. At one point it was stated by a Dean in Al-Azhar University that female circumcision is a crime and should not be associated with the Islamic religion. Religious leaders across the region have been at the forefront to oppose the practice as one that has no religious connection although some religious leaders prefer to handle it as more of a medical issue than religious. In the Jewish religion, female circumcision was completely outlawed and is in fact not given a mention in any text if religion. This was so because of the strong belief that a persons body does not belong them but is Gods and any modification done especially permanent amounts to destruction of Gods property. They however recognize male circumcision. In communities where female circumcision is practiced, it is mainly done between the ages 4 to 8 though it can even take place from infancy to puberty age. In some societies it is carried out during a womans first pregnancy. The most unfortunate thing I most cases is that those who carry out the circumcision procedure are non professionals with no medical back ground and therefore put the life of the woman at a very great risk. Banning the practice has greatly reduced the practice and especially to those who carry out the procedure without anesthetics which is very risky. It can result to shock because of the severe pain. This may then have long term effects like infertility. Other severe consequences of the procedure include infections of the urinary and the reproductive tracts. This results from blockage of urine and menstrual flow leading to infertility. Engaging in sex for the first time becomes severely painful as the labia majora has to be cut open to allow the male penetrate the vagina. The opening, which is done with a knife by, the husband who has no medical knowledge and background may lead to very serious complications. Research conducted back in 2006 by World Health Organization in some African countries including Sudan, Kenya, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Nigeria and Ghana highly discredit genital cutting of whichever kind terming it unsafe. It is also a fact that most women who have undergone the circumcision stand a risk of loosing their babies during delivery. Egypt in June 2007 outlawed and banned completely this practice when a 12-year-old girl died soon after going through the procedure. Studies indicate that what determines if a woman will achieve sexual satisfaction after going through the procedure is the state of mind at the time of the procedure. If she goes through the circumcision voluntarily she will still have sexual satisfaction but if she is forced and feels traumatized after the procedure orgasm frequency goes down. Although various laws have been put in place to stop this procedure many societies and cultural groups still engage in the practice. Recent studies indicate that women who have undergone the circumcision procedure always find it difficult to achieve optimum sexual satisfaction. Another major complication that a circumcised woman suffers is the loss of blood and in most cases the loss is usually excessive leading to other problems like anemia due to excessive blood loss. The worst complication if the situation goes out of hand is death, which apparently is usually the fate of most females who undergo the procedure. Female circumcision also creates a major avenue through which HIV can be transmitted. It is also interesting to note that this practice is quickly spreading in the west so that there female circumcision in the United States. This is as a result of migration where Africans settle in the US and continuer to practice their diversified cultures and traditions. The practice of female genital mutilation is considered as a way of violation of human rights as o it not only lowers a womans dignity but also reduces a womans self worth making her feel inferior and subordinate. It is viewed as a mens way of looking down on women. Many countries are quickly coming to the rescue and defense of their women and are quickly enacting laws to protect the rights of the women. A law that was recently passed states that it is a crime to carry out female genital mutilation on a female below the age of eighteen unless the procedure is of utmost necessity to protect the life of the female. The age is of importance because a female of eighteen years and above is considered legally capable of making sound decisions and if she goes through the procedure at that age it will only be through her consent as an adult. Violation of this law attracts a jail tem of not less than five years or a fine or both. However, an exception to this law again is if the practice is being carried out as a traditional or cultural rite. In the past, nobody seemed to take the issue of female genital mutilation seriously. Women suffered in silence, as there was nobody to listen to their grievances. This was specially so in Africa. However, governments of various countries and the international community at large have come out strongly in condemnation of the practice terming it outdated and barbaric. Despite protests by various humanitarian groups over the practice the female circumcision is still very prevalent in many countries allover the world. Objects used to carry out this procedure include kitchen knives, pieces of glass and old razor blades thereby posing a great danger to the womans health. In some case there is sewing up of the wound until only a small opening remains. This in itself is a very painful and traumatizing experience, which is unnecessarily subjected to women. Equally the continued practice of this barbaric procedure has raised the infant mortality rate. Statistics indi9cate that the number of children who have died below the age of five is very and at least 80% die from female circumcision related cases. Doctors have also given conformed reports that circu mcised women always have difficulties having birth in the normal way and in most cases have to result to caesarean which in most cases is normally unsuccessful and the woman just succumbs. Some communities, still holding to their culture and traditions have now stopped circumcising their women at home and they are instead taking them to medical professionals to carry out the procedure. However, World Health Organization together with other humanitarian organizations still believe that female circumcision is a torture of a kind to the woman despite of the fact that it is carried out by a professional and therefore are of the opinion that it should be abolished completely. In conclusion therefore, it is important to state clearly that female circumcision or female genital mutilation is a dangerous practice and that every measure ought to be taken to ensure that the practice is brought to an end and that this happens without further delay to ensure the safety of the female gender. Works Cited Arnfred Signe. Rethinking Sexualities In Africa. Nordic Africa Institute, 2004 Abusharaf Rogaia M. Female Circumcision. University of Pennsylvania Press, 2006 Duncan Bettina S, Ylva Hernlund. Female Circumcision in Africa, Lynne Rienner Publishers 2002 Egbo Benedicta. Gender, Literacy and Life Chances in Sub-Saharan. Multilingual Matters, 2000 Hernlund Ylva, Bettina Duncan S. Transcultural Bodies. Rutgers University Press, 2007 Lieu Judith. Neither Jew nor Greek. Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005 Nnaemeka Obioma. Female Circumcision and The Politics of Knowledge. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005 Packer Corinne A. Using Human Rights To Change Traditions. Intersentia NV, 2004

Articles of the confederation dbq essays

Articles of the confederation dbq essays The American colonies were in desperate need of an effective form of government after the revolutionary war. The Articles of Confederation unfortunately were not the answer, because of their inability to establish a strong centralized government, enforce decisions made by Congress, and create a centralized military to protect the people. The Articles were adopted by the first continental congress in 1781, and created a loose form of government with independent states that mostly governed themselves. Many thought this was a good form of government for the newly formed states; however it failed to unify them into one and create a centralized government. The path they chose was to allow each state to govern and defend itself. This only managed to create confusion in the states, because each had its own laws and currency. The articles also failed to create a way for congress to enforce decisions they made as seen in document A. It required nine out of thirteen states to support a law before it was passed and even after it was passed it was up to the states to decide whether or not they chose to obey the law. The laws were simply considered recommendations that could be ignored if leaders felt like they were not important as seen in document A. Congress also could not tax the states without their approval. Many of the man in the army did not receive there compensation, because Congress could not tax states and so could not fund an army. They relied solely on donations for funds to raise an army and many states did not choose to donate as seen in document C. The newly formed country was left almost defenseless and vulnerable to attacks. The articles left the country without a government, defenseless and unable enforce decisions. Some may argue that the Articles were just what this young country needed. They feared a centralized government, because they had recently gotten free of a very traumatizing relationship with Br ...

Government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Government - Essay Example Hence, balance of power is imperatively obligatory in order to let all the institutions exercise their abilities and powers according to the provisions of the prevailing constitution. But if an institution is delegated the extraordinary authority to do anything out of its own will for running its business, it may put the powers of other institutions of the state in grave jeopardy. Similarly, that institution may interfere and intermeddle in the matters of other departments, without their free consent, by reducing and confining the sphere of their action. On the contrary, diminution of the magnitude of authority related to the executive through check and balance and separation of power as well may confine and limit the power of the government in respect of taking necessary actions on urgent basis according to the political situation of the country. It is not only against the benefit of the nation at large, but also can delay the action supposed to be taken swiftly. Renowned political philosopher and ex- President of the USA James Madison, in his article under-analysis, throws light on the significance of the separation of power and the system of check and balance for the best interests of the country on the one hand, and for the welfare of the masses on the other. In addition, he argues how such restriction affects the business of governmental affairs because of the implementation of check and balance system. Madison looks for a strong and comprehensive system of check and balance for the adequate and proper working of all departments and organizations within a socio-political establishment. He is of the opinion that since political institutions consists of humans, not angels, which can commit mistakes and blunders while exercising their duties and obligations, and can take such measures that come under the definition of excesses. Thus,

A 'middle class, quasi scientific, technocratic or mangerial form of Essay

A 'middle class, quasi scientific, technocratic or mangerial form of collectivism very different from the ambiguites of social d - Essay Example Fabian society is popular for its achievement during nineteenth century proceeding into First World War. The movement formulated a stolid base for the Labour Party. It also subsequently influenced policies of nations rising from the decolonization of the British Empire, particularly India. Presently, the Fabian Society constitutes one of the communalist groups affiliated with the Labour Party and its presence can be felt and seen in nations such as Australia, Canada and New Zealand (Blackburn 2007). The Fabian Society, a London based movement, was formed in 1884 as a budding from The Fellowship of the New Life of 1883. The Fellowship Society’s main objective was to transform society through leading by example by demonstrating a simple lifestyle for others to emulate. However, because of varied thoughts, some affiliates of the society were focused on involving politics to assist in transformation process of the society. Consequently a decision was reached that a distinct societ y was to be founded. This was the rise of the Fabian Society. After its establishment, the Fabian Society campaigned for restitution of Western European Renaissance principles and their propagation globally. The Fabian Society was named after a Roman general, Fabius Maximus popularly known as â€Å"Cunctator† to connote â€Å"delayer.† According to theGuardian (2001), the Fabian Society preferred a gradual change approach to radical change. Fabius adopted the tactics of harassment and attrition as opposed to one-on-one combats against the Carthaginian army led by General Hannibal. The Fabian Society attained great heights of influence, especially through their publication of Fabian Essays of 1889, in which Webb and other Fabian authors made great contributions. The Fabians idea of social reforms and transformation were based on the concept of â€Å"permeation† of already established political systems or institutions. Their argument was that the infiltration of t he existing political organisations was the main way of achieving natural socialism. The Fabian Society was opposed to Marxist revolutionary approach to social change (social democracy). Renouncing the need to have aggressive and brutal class struggles, the Fabian Society affiliates embraced the idea of developing trade unions as well as other labour movements up to the time when Beatrice Potter, latter referred to as Beatrice Webb because of her union with Sidney Webb, became a member of the society. Webbs in 1900s assisted the group to establish Labour Representation Committee, from which the Labour Party was born. After its inauguration, the Fabian Society lured many famous figures into its socialist foundation. The central figures of the Fabian Society were Sidney Webb and Beatrice Webb among other key members. The two key pillars of the movement published numerous articles on property ownership under capitalism in industrial Britain. In the wake of 1900, majority of affiliates of the Fabian Society took part in the formation of the Labour Party and the establishment of its constitution, in which Sidney Webb extensively applied the principles in the initiating documents of the Fabian Society. As unbelievable as it may look, the Fabian Society started as a mere nine-member movement, who endorsed an executive committee of three members. A former chairman of British Fabian Society, Mrs. Cole, pointed out on the group’s success in instilling its socialist ideologies in the entire society and nurturing the schemes to flourish and change

European effect on American-Indian cultures and religion in the 17th century Essay Example for Free

European effect on American-Indian cultures and religion in the 17th century Essay The historical emergence of Europeans during the 17th century was synonymous to providing fundamental influence to the American- Indian and especially the New England. This was evidence of the religious rejuvenation that went across to these cultures as affected by the Europeans. Historically, the early European missionaries brought quite a broad diversity of activity in the eastern parts of North America as at 17th century. However, New England was perhaps the central point with which such influence was mostly affected. This was from the long activity of religious autonomy campaign by the European with the Puritans who wanted to make a win to the Massachusetts, Wampanoags, the Nipmucks, and also the New France. Elsewhere, the Jesuits were in their dreary efforts of making a conversion to the nation of Huron. From the encounters of evaluation promulgated from these two races of religious encounters, it is passively implied that the European missionaries had a substantial colonial influence and expansion across the broad analysis of the European colony. This also led to an influential changes in the approach mechanism in which the Europeans through the French Jesuits as well as the English Puritans undertook to ignite religious influence in India. 1 Though the religious development triggered to the New England by the Europeans in the 17th century have largely been outspoken by many scholars, Bruce Trigger came in the 18th century to reshape the phenomenal dispensation as prototyped by many old scholars. This is from the new findings in the fundamental relationship between Jesuit-Huron in the Indians of the New England. Socio-economically, New England had its settlement based on primary societal independence and families who were middle farmers. They had an adherence to a radical state of nominal accreditation where their colonial autobiography was defined by the voluntaristic Puritanism to their conceptual purposes. Historically, the seventeenth century European missionaries are credited to the creation of the more Godly community for the American Indian in New England. This is exampled by the protestation by the militant European groups in the Europe which sensitized a harmonious state of living for the people with a call for one another’s Godly relationship and in pursuit of the nature laws. 1 However, the epochs of the people embracing Christianity was never a simple activity for the Indians who disagreed of the hefty Christianity exhortations by the European missionaries. However, their will to embracing Christianity would only be subject voted by the religious development into Christianity of such ordinary people within the Indians population in England. This culture was rigidly bound to the people and that 90% of the total population in Massachusetts were largely obliged to such exemplary life led by the ordinary settlers. However, from 1616-1619, Wampanoag Indians started providing radical changes to their religious autonomy to start giving into a greater depth of the Christianity philosophies and teachings brought by the Europeans. 2 The religious divine-ship of the American-Indians in the 17th century was credited to the worshipping of animals. However, the coming in of the European missionaries in the spread of Christianity was a benchmark in support for a revolution and the long held system of religious sacrifice by the people. The conception and religious importance held on animals as their gods also implies the benchmark and the stepping-stone for the start of King Philip War in the 17th century. To the American-Indians, animals were important source religious sanctity. Accordingly, the domestication of pigs and also cattle was a big historical malady in shaping the religious outcast and the believes of the Indians in the New England by the 17th century. The effect of these domesticated animals did not only provide change in environmental conception where the other animals were hunted and killed above been moved in the forests to provide a humble environment for the pigs and also cows to adequately graze. The religious conception of these people in New England before the Europeans intervention in the 17th century was defined in parametric measures of the domesticated animals. These animals brought exorbitant changes to the land and its resource environment. Elsewhere, they had a great religious impact where the people’s minds, hearts and also their behavior changed considerably with the effect of the broad array of the effect brought by animals. Animals had a long held spiritual endowment. They provided sanctification to the people when they consumed them. However, these were traditions whose effect was to readily be uprooted by the incoming of the Europeans. Â  The American-Indians in New England by 17th century had a description of Manitou for many animals such as foxes, deer, rabbits and the bears. New England had a great religious believe and adoration in which they described the nominal deities to even take the animal forms. They therefore had various adorns to various symbolic images by certain animals or even specific animal body part. Animals had a preferential significance of power and a brim of ornamental conception which netted the religious autonomy of the Indians in the New England in 17th century. In their folklores as well as Christian cosmologies, animals had a great figuration. For example, the Christ crucifixion blood was commemorated by the red breasts of the robin. Elsewhere, bad luck was signified by crows as well as black cats. Again, the disturbing portents to the death were implied by the ravens, owls and pigeons. A change in weather was fundamentally depicted by swallows, dogs and pigs. 3 The pre-emergence of the Europeans in New England therefore was a companionate imagery of a long implied perception which was in the nature proclaimed by animals. The regular interaction with the animals by the Americans Indians was therefore allied to developing fortunes of human expectations in the correspondence of the various behavioral conceptions that were in these animals. Due to the religious implication and relationship with animals by these people, they had a greater diversity of imminent relationship with the animals than on a divine being. This is perhaps the reason behind their short run rejection of the Christianity by the European missionaries in the 17th century. The emergence of these Europeans was preaching on the believe in a divine supernatural being who was only implied through mere religious believe and adoration. To them, a believe in such a being operating beyond the framework of the physical environment was only a mythological imagery and could not act to provide such a strong religious and godly foundation to what they had on animals. To the Europeans, a great transplantation of civilization echoed in New England. This was a formal compound of change in the speech formalities of the old word, religious and also politics. The nature of the New England is historically described as getting its fundamental shape from the influence of the old world shape by the Europeans. Through their implications, civilization and renaissance which was characterized by change in the religious, political and economic backgrounds was now changing to capture more coherent status of living in New England. The emergence of Europeans in the New England was a concise drive to reformation where the ties bound by the pilgrim colonial was now to be abandoned. This was the foremost trend which fostered great sigh of changing New England primitivism. It was the impact of the shaping tool of protestant revolution hinged to the old and native European revolters that entered the New England. 8 The fatal implications of the Europeans in the England were the revolutionary landmark of renaissance which saw various structures including religious and political autonomy. The surging Europeans in New England brought a great drive of religious awakening. They highly helped to break down the ties of the effect of colonization entrenched to many godly doctrines than a fundamental pursuit of economic autonomy. The so called the English Puritans were the injecting power in which the Indians got a favorable renaissance reshaping that even provided a better room for expansion into the broad old world’s system of identity. To the Europeans, waging spiritual life to the Indians in the New England was perhaps the most important go ahead step which was even to help see the state in a changing periphery. The intention of European missionary in New England was to transplant a divine worship system of Christianity which would capture various fundamental aspects such as praying, self studying as well as struggling against various remote evil inclinations to the society. The essence of evangelism to the American-Indians was to provide new grounds of spiritual conceptions on the God’s sovereignty in which it was seen as a tool for absconding the dogmatism fed to the traditional society of the medieval traditions. The essence of been a protestant was to move as per the codes of absolute standards and sovereignty as promulgated by the will of the God and not the dogmatic apprehension of false gods held by the Indians in worshipping animals. In a light spot, the religious awakening in believe of God among these people came into growth in the mid 1630’s. This was a revolution and renaissance adjudication which was perhaps rejuvenating the traditionalism and the religious backwardness operating within the societal structures of American Indians. Basically, the European Puritans had a lot of religious conceptions to pass over to the people. At the late 1930’s the New England old world’s conceptions were now changing with the people developing a mysterious imagery and preconception of the divine God. The people were developing an essence of humanity build on will of immanent God. There was a revolution adversity in believe of such a supernatural being which even led to changing structures of the societal imagery to incorporate to a greater depth a mysterious preoccupation and believe of a wonderful God. The teaching of the puritans about God was that He was compelled of love with a low preoccupation of vengeance as well as cruelty. The teachings by the European missionaries about God were standing to develop a fundamental strength. The American-Indians grasped the immanent sovereignty of such a God which gave them a special accord providence. The basic concept that would however draw them away from the will of such a divine God was the effects of sins which were the activities done by them and went against the will of this God. The emergence of Christianity in New England was however compounded by the influence of secular concerns. The people had precepts and contributions into farming home-building, governance, practicing folks as well as trading. With the new strength of absorbing a believe in God, humans contentment through Godly pleasure was now beginning to be a precious preoccupation amongst a diverse outlay of sources of pleasure. They turned to worshipping such vengeful God with deep characteristics of personal tenderness. With the changing believe and imageries on God, the people were starting to observe other structures such as economy and also state governance as facets proclaimed by the command and will of God. This engineered revolutionary autonomy in both civil as well as civil factors within the New England. Through this outlay, the Indians started to reshape their thinking about the conception on the God’s will for the state of governance and state leadership as shadowed to strong believers. From this new development in the societal conception, the inhabitants of Massachusetts Bay had the establishment of a theocratic site for Puritans which would even help to strengthening the spread and development of Christianity within the community at a faster status. This was the first trading corporation held in England and whose administration was only alleged to specific personalities proclaimed of having a strong hood of religious authority. However in 1645, political crisis developed to subdivide the New England into two. Those who proclaimed the foundation of Christianity and those who did not. However, in a speech by Winthrop in 1645, the state religious believe was liberal and capturing two outlooks; the natural conception which was the state of the old believe of the natural god and the federal which was personal liberty of exercise his/her religious imageries. The natural liberty provided one’s choice on either well or even evil. Through this believe, one was to continue growing evil. However, the federal was a preconception aimed at creating honesty and good. 5 Analytically, the European Puritanism had two impacts of development in New England. These were both orthodoxy as well as nonconformity. The orthodoxy implication had its development throughout the whole 17th century which was a controversial development on the state of reformation to protestant. The nonconformity concept was alleged to the influence of religious development to the impact of preventing conscience liberty to think and do as people’s wishes. Generally, the emergence of the European Puritans in the New England was a crucial preoccupation which provided a yard for change in the social structures in England. The philosophical dogmatism held in the modalities of state leadership and governance, religion, economic standard was now given an important boost through the changes in the people’s conception about the divine relationship with God. Various philosophical theories of statements such as absolutism were now eroded. Accordingly, the state of governance in the state was modeled from the changing perceptions prototyped from the states of religious autonomy from the people. The New England was in a state of revolution with a model for social revolutions and compactness driving the society before outdoing the prehistoric sediments which were compounded mythologies about the state of the cosmos and the universe. Through the new gazing fundamental conceptions, the people were now developing new formalities of society governance where the society would engage in the broad governance as opposed to the role of absolutist king who dwelt in the control of the society. The state of the society was now beginning to reshape in the manner with which social contracts were now beginning in the development from their status of natural state of liberty as well as the regulation by the civil society. Therefore, European missionaries can be described as providing an elaborate tool for revolution, renaissance and changing social status in which the old world mythological conception of the society was getting a reawakening to newer and a more development conscious stakeholder-ship. The government and development structures of the New England are absolutely rooted to what Europeans did for it

Nike at a Glance :: Essays Papers

Nike at a Glance Society, as we know it today, would not be able to continue without the everyday use of shoes and clothes. This fact alone puts companies such as Nike in a pretty powerful and much needed position. It is very unlikely to go anywhere without seeing the Nike Swoosh somewhere. However, Nike has not always had the reputation that they have today. In fact before 1971, Nike was not even heard of. It was instead known as the Blue Ribbon Shoe Company, which was founded by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight. Bowerman was the track coach at the University of Oregon, later to be the birth place of Nike. He knew of Knight through track and field, and they both had the idea of starting and developing a new athletic shoe. Phil Knight in a Stanford research paper said that â€Å"low-priced, high-performance, well-merchandized exports from Japan could replace Germany’s domination of the United States athletic shoe industry.† Knight did not know how right he would later become. In 1962, Knight traveled to Japan and talked to Onitsuka Tiger Company and convinced them that their shoes would have great success in the United States. He came up with a fake store, Blue Ribbon Shoes, which he claimed to own to assure Tiger shoes of his validity. Upon his return, Bill Bowerman and he opened Blue Ribbon Shoes, donating 500 dollars each to the business. The first 200 shoes arrived in December of 1963, from Japan and were met with some resistance. Bowerman and Knight set out to various track meets selling the shoes out of the back of their car. Even though some success came from this, they just could not do it on their own. In 1965 they had to hire Jeff Johnson as Blue Ribbons first full time employee. Johnson knew Knight through track and would prove to be a valuable member of the company. With his help, in 1966, they were able to open the first retail store in Santa Monica, California. The success of this store spawned the opening of another store in Eugene, Oregon in 1968. Bowerman knew however, that the company would have to come up with something new so they could move away from their counterparts in Japan. He did this one day while experimenting with rubber and his wife’s waffle iron.

Music of the 1950s

Kayla Curlett Period 5 Music of the 1950’s Rock ‘n’ Roll, Pop, R&B, and Swing are some of the popular genres of music during the decade of the 1950’s. Music during this time period had a major influence on the people. It influenced their clothes, hair, fashion, dance moves, and their independence. Many teenagers during this time used the slogan â€Å"Sex, drugs and Rock ‘n’ Roll. † Some famous artists included Elvis Presley, Ricky Nelson, Fats Domino and Pat Boone. One of the biggest hits about the decade was Don McLean’s â€Å"The Day the Music Died. †Classic Pop dominated the charts for the first half of the decade. Classic Pop often used orchestras to back up the vocalists. Pop music often included elements from other styles like urban, dance, rock and much more. However these elements defined pop music. These songs had repeated choruses and catchy hooks. Electric guitars, drums and bass were some of the main instruments used in these songs. Despite the racial problems during the time, there was a sense of equality in Rock ‘n’ Roll. Chuck Berry was one of the first black Rock ‘n’ Roll performer that appealed to both audiences.He combined the sound of Rhythm and Blues with Rock ‘n’ Roll. The movie, â€Å"Blackboard Jungle,† gave Rock ‘n’ Roll a huge audience when Bill Haley and the Comets performed â€Å"Rock Around the Clock. † Bill Haley and the Comets practically became famous overnight. Elvis Presley was the king of Rock ‘n’ Roll. He was said to have the greatest impact on early Rock ‘n’ Roll. For Elvis Presley, 1956 was a year like no other. In January he became a regional sensation but by the end of the year he had become a national prodigy.His first two albums were million dollar sellers which included top songs like â€Å"Hound Dog,† â€Å"Love Me Tender,† â€Å"Don’t be Cruelâ⠂¬  and â€Å"Heartbreak Hotel. † He appeared on national television eleven times and appeared in his first movie called â€Å"Love Me Tender. † Elvis Presley had a unique style that was either loved or hated. He became a cultural icon especially to teenagers. In March of 1958, Elvis was inducted into the army for two years; however, the Memphis Draft Board postponed his leaving so he could finish filming his fourth movie, â€Å"King Creole. Elvis’s famous ducktail hair, crazy dance moves, and popular music make him the legacy that he is today. Another popular Rock ‘n’ Roll artist of the 1950’s was Buddy Holly. He was described as â€Å"the single and most influential creative force in early Rock ‘n’ Roll. † His signature style was his wayfarer glasses. Buddy was first inspired by Elvis Presley but as Buddy became famous his popularity rivaled Elvis Presley’s. In 1952 he recorded the song â€Å"I’ll just p retend† with Bob Montgomery.Later on he formed his own band, â€Å"The Crickets. † In 1958, Buddy decided to open up his own recording studio called Prism Records. He earned a huge amount of success in such little time; unfortunately On February 3rd, 1959 he died in a plane crash along with two other Rock ‘n’ Roll legends Ritchie Valens and J. P. â€Å"The Big Bopper† Richardson. This was considered the first and greatest tragedy that rock ‘n’ roll has ever suffered. It later became known as â€Å"The Day the Music Died,† in Don McLean’s song â€Å"American Pie. †The single â€Å"American Pie† was a number one U. S. hit for four weeks. Although the lyrics to this song may be puzzling, they have a significant meaning. Each verse represents important events that took place during the 1950’s. In the lyrics, â€Å"That music used to make me smile,† represents the happiness and optimism of the 1950â⠂¬â„¢s in America. Buddy Holly was McLean’s idol and when Holly died the day the music died became the day innocence and optimism died. American pie and Chevrolet are both references to the 1950’s in America.American pie was a common symbol or an American icon used during that time. A Chevrolet was one of the most common cars during the 50’s. The verses â€Å"If the Bible tells you so, do you believe in rock ‘n’ roll, can music save your mortal soul† represent how America was shifting from faith in God to faith in music. â€Å"And while the King was looking down, the jester stole his thorny crown,† this represents how Bob Dylan stole Elvis Presley’s fame and became the number one musician in the hearts’ of the fans. And the three men I admire the most, the Father Son and Holy Ghost,† McLean is referring to the Father Son and Holy Ghost as Buddy Holly, Richie Valens and the Big Bopper. â€Å"They caught the last tra in for the coast, the day the music died,† here McLean is referring to the plane crash that killed three amazing musicians of the 1950’s. Some may say that music has no significance to an era, but it does. It is what shapes a culture and the people during a time period. It changes people’s thoughts, style, and actions. Even music from past decades has a significant impact on our society today.Elvis, Pat Boone, and Ricky Nelson were all popular back in their time, yet they are still widely known in the present. With the downturn of quality of music today, there has been an increase in preservation of keeping old school music popular, in hopes to re-shape the minds of young people in our society. It is widely believed that music is a reflection of society and the people in it, and for that reason, positive and inspirational music of the 50s must be introduced to the young ears of society for decades to come.